IShayina iyizwe elikhulu elikhiqizayo, ikakhulukazi eliqhutshwa yigagasi lentuthuko yezomnotho kazwelonke, izimboni ezihlobene nokukhiqiza zaseShayina zithole imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Embonini yemishini,amagiyayizingxenye eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezingenakuqhathaniswa, ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yomnotho wezwe. Intuthuko enamandla yemboni yokukhiqiza yaseShayina iqhube intuthuko esheshayo yemboni yezimpahla.

Njengamanje, ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngokuzimela sekuyinto eyinhloko ye-igiya imboni, futhi ingenise nesikhathi sokushintsha. Namuhla, ukukhiqiza ngobuhlakani sekuyindlela entsha ekhuthazwa umbuso. Imboni yegiya inezici zokulinganisa kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu, futhi kulula ukubona ukuguqulwa kube yisiqondiso esihlakaniphile. Kungashiwo ukuthi inkinga enkulu yamabhizinisi amanje okukhiqiza igiya yisidingo esiphuthumayo sokushintsha imodi yokukhiqiza nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuzenzakalela kwefektri.

Okokuqala, isimo sentuthuko yemboni yezimpahla zaseShayina

Imboni yemishini iyimboni eyisisekelo embonini yokukhiqiza imishini yaseShayina. Inezinga eliphezulu lokuxhumana kwezimboni, ukumuncwa okunamandla kwamathuba emisebenzi, kanye nemali eningi yobuchwepheshe. Kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokuthi imboni yokukhiqiza imishini ifinyelele ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngemva kweminyaka engama-30 yentuthuko, iShayinaigiya Imboni ihlanganiswe ngokugcwele ohlelweni lokusekela lomhlaba, futhi yakhe uhlelo lwezimboni oluphelele kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokomlando iye yaqaphela ushintsho oluvela ohlelweni lobuchwepheshe begiya oluphansi kuya koluphakathi, uhlelo lobuchwepheshe begiya kanye nohlelo olujwayelekile lobuchwepheshe begiya olusungulwe ngokuyisisekelo. Izimboni zemishini yezithuthuthu, izimoto, amandla omoya kanye nemishini yokwakha yizona eziqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yegiya yezwe lami. Iqhutshwa yile mboni ehlobene, isilinganiso semali engenayo yemboni yegiya sibonisa ukuthambekela kokukhula okusheshayo, futhi isilinganiso semboni yegiya siyaqhubeka nokukhula. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2016, inani lomkhiqizo wemakethe wemboni yegiya yezwe lami lalicishe libe yizigidigidi ezingama-230 zama-yuan, libekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-2017, inani lomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yegiya lafinyelela ku-yuan eziyizigidigidi ezingama-236, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka okungu-7.02%, okubalwa cishe u-61% wenani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wezingxenye ezijwayelekile zemishini.

Ngokusho kokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, imboni yamagiya ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: amagiya ezimoto, amagiya ezimboni kanye nemishini ethile yamagiya; izicelo zomkhiqizo wamagiya ezimoto zifaka phakathi izimoto ezahlukahlukene, izithuthuthu, imishini yokwakha, imishini yezolimo kanye nezimoto zempi, njll.; izicelo zomkhiqizo wamagiya ezimboni, Amasimu amagiya ezimboni afaka phakathi ezasolwandle, ezezimayini, ezensimbi, ezindiza, amandla kagesi, njll., imishini yamagiya akhethekile ikakhulukazi imishini yokukhiqiza amagiya njengamathuluzi omshini akhethekile amagiya, amathuluzi okusika nokunye.

Emakethe enkulu yegiya laseShayina, isabelo semakethe segiya lezimoto sifinyelela ku-62%, kanti amagiya ezimboni afinyelela ku-38%. Phakathi kwawo, amagiya ezimoto afinyelela ku-62% wamagiya ezimoto, okungukuthi, u-38% wemakethe iyonke yegiya, kanti amanye amagiya ezimoto afinyelela kumagiya aphelele. U-24% wemakethe.

Ngokombono wokukhiqiza, kunezinkampani zokukhiqiza imishini ezingaphezu kuka-5,000, amabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-1,000 angaphezulu kosayizi oqokiwe, kanye namabhizinisi abalulekile angaphezu kuka-300. Ngokwezinga lemikhiqizo yemishini, ingxenye yemikhiqizo ephezulu, ephakathi nephansi cishe ingu-35%, 35% kanye no-30%;

Ngokuphathelene nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo, “Uhlaka Lukazwelonke Lokuthuthukiswa Kwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Besikhathi Esimaphakathi Neside (2006-2020)”, “Uhlelo Lokulungiswa Nokuvuselelwa Kwemboni Yokukhiqiza Imishini”, “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lweshumi Nambili Lwezingxenye Eziyisisekelo Zemishini, Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Okuyisisekelo kanye Nemboni Yezinto Eziyisisekelo” “Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa” kanye “Neziqondiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwemiklamo Yesisekelo Esiqinile Sezimboni (2016-2020)” zikhishwe ngokulandelana, ezidlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe bemishini kanye nocwaningo kanye nentuthuko yomkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwawo kwezimboni.

Ngokombono wabathengi, amagiya asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni ezahlukahlukene, ezithuthuthu, ezimotweni zezolimo, emishinini yokukhiqiza ugesi, emishinini yokwakha yensimbi, emishinini yokwakha, emikhunjini, emishinini yokuthutha ngesitimela kanye namarobhothi. Lezi mishini zidinga ukunemba okuphezulu nokuphezulu, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwesevisi yamagiya namayunithi egiya. Ngokombono wenani lamagiya (kufaka phakathi amadivayisi egiya), amagiya ezimoto ahlukahlukene abiza ngaphezu kuka-60%, kanti amanye amagiya abiza ngaphansi kuka-40%. Ngo-2017, abakhiqizi bezimoto abahlukahlukene bakhiqize futhi bathengisa izimoto ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-29, ezihlonyiswe ngamagiya aphathwayo, amagiya azenzakalelayo, ama-drive axle kanye neminye imikhiqizo yegiya engaba yi-yuan eyizigidigidi eziyi-140. Ngo-2017, kwanezelwa amandla okukhiqiza ugesi angu-126.61GW ezweni lonke. Phakathi kwazo, kufakwe amandla okushisa angu-45.1GW, amandla omoya angu-9.13GW, amandla omoya axhunywe kugridi angu-16.23GW, amandla elanga axhunywe kugridi angu-53.99GW, kanye namandla enuzi angu-2.16GW. Le mishini yokukhiqiza amandla ifakwe imikhiqizo yegiya efana namagiya omoya akhulisa isivinini kanye nezinciphisi zezigidigidi zama-yuan.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokusekelwa kwezinqubomgomo kanye nezimali, ikhono lokusungula izinto ezintsha embonini liye lathuthukiswa kakhulu. Amanye amabhizinisi ahamba phambili embonini asungule amapulatifomu e-R&D amasha njengezikhungo zobuchwepheshe bebhizinisi zikazwelonke, izindawo zokusebenza ze-postdoctoral zebhizinisi, izindawo zokusebenza zezemfundo, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lwebhizinisi, okubeka isisekelo sentuthuko entsha. Inani lamalungelo obunikazi agunyaziwe liphezulu futhi lisezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi inani lamalungelo obunikazi okusungula izinto ezintsha likhuphuke kakhulu. Kwenziwe intuthuko enkulu ekufinyeleleni kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, kanti ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yegiya ephezulu njenge-rack enkulu enamazinyo aqinile, ama-gearbox amakhulu eplanethi anzima, kanye nokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-8AT kwe-Three Gorges ship lift sekufinyelele ezingeni eliphambili lomhlaba wonke. Amabhizinisi ahlukene agxila emasimini ahlukene okusebenza ngokuya ngezici zawo kanye nezinzuzo zawo. Ibhizinisi elilodwa lithatha ingxenye encane yesabelo semakethe iyonke, futhi ukuhlushwa kwemakethe yegiya lasekhaya kuphansi.

2. Umkhuba wentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo embonini yezimpahla

Ukufakwa kukagesi, ukuguquguquka, ubuhlakani kanye nesisindo esincane kuyizindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yesikhathi esizayo, okuyizinselele kanye namathuba ezinkampanini zemishini yendabuko.

Ukufakwa kukagesi: Ukufakwa kukagesi kwamandla kuletha izinselelo ekudlulisweni kwegiya lendabuko. Inkinga ekulethelayo yile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudluliswa kwegiya lendabuko kuthuthukiswe kube yisakhiwo esilula nesilula ngesivinini esikhulu, umsindo ophansi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekene nokuguqulwa kwe-electric direct drive ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kwegiya. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani zokudlulisa amagiya zendabuko akufanele zifunde nje kuphela ukuthi zingahlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zokufakwa kukagesi zokulawula umsindo wokudluliswa kwamagiya ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu (≥15000rpm), zisebenzise amathuba okukhula kwamagiya amasha akhiqizwa ukukhula kwamanje okuqhumayo kwezimoto zikagesi, kodwa futhi zinake kakhulu ikusasa. Usongo olukhulu lobuchwepheshe be-electric direct drive engenagiya kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudlulisa amagiya kagesi embonini yokudlulisa amagiya yendabuko kanye nemboni yamagiya.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo: Esikhathini esizayo, ukuncintisana emakethe kuzoba okuthakazelisayo kakhulu, futhi isidingo semikhiqizo sizovame ukuhlukahluka futhi senziwe ngokwezifiso, kodwa isidingo somkhiqizo owodwa singase singabi sikhulu kakhulu. Njengemboni eyisisekelo embonini yokukhiqiza, imboni yemishini kufanele ibhekane nezinkambu eziningi ezingezansi. Ukuhlukahluka kokukhiqiza umkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi amabhizinisi asungule uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo ukuze aqedele imisebenzi yokukhiqiza yezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokulungiswa kwemishini emgqeni wokukhiqiza ofanayo, okungagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo eziningi, kodwa futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi komugqa wokuhlanganisa imishini futhi kufeze ukukhiqizwa okuguquguqukayo. ukwakha ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwamabhizinisi.

Ubuhlakani: Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bokulawula emishinini kwenza umshini ube ngokuzenzakalelayo; ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe bokulawula, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana ngolwazi, kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi kwenza imishini kanye nokukhiqiza kube ngobuhlakani. Kumabhizinisi akhiqiza imishini yendabuko, inselele iwukuthi ungabuthuthukisa kanjani ubunjiniyela kagesi, ubunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula, ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi kanye nokuhlanganiswa.

Ilula: Izinto ezilula nezinamandla aphezulu, ukunciphisa isisindo sesakhiwo kanye nokuguqulwa nokuqinisa ubuso kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulingisa obuthuthukisiwe.