I-China iyizwe elikhulu lezokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi eliqhutshwa igagasi lokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe, izimboni zaseShayina ezihlobene nokukhiqiza zithole imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Embonini yemishini, amagiya ayizinto eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu, ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yomnotho wezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwemboni yezokukhiqiza yaseShayina kuqhubekisele phambili inqubekelaphambili esheshayo yemboni yamagiya.

Njengamanje, ukuqamba okusha okuzimele sekuphenduke indikimba enkulu embonini yamagiya, futhi sekungenise nesikhathi sokushintshwa. Kulezi zinsuku, ukukhiqiza ngobuhlakani sekuphenduke inqubomgomo entsha ekhuthazwa uhulumeni. Imboni yamagiya inezici zokuma kanye namaqoqo amakhulu, futhi kulula ukubona uguquko oluya ekuqondeni okuhlakaniphile. Kungashiwo ukuthi inkinga enkulu yamabhizinisi amanje akhiqiza amagiya yisidingo esiphuthumayo sokushintsha imodi yokukhiqiza nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuzenzakalelayo kwefekthri.

Okokuqala, isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yegiya yaseChina

Imboni yamagiya iyimboni eyisisekelo yemboni yokukhiqiza imishini yaseChina. Inezinga eliphezulu lokuhlobana kwezimboni, ukutholwa kokuqashwa okuqinile, kanye nemali eningi yezobuchwepheshe. Kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokuthi imboni yokukhiqiza imishini izuze ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nenqubekela phambili yezobuchwepheshe.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-30 yentuthuko, imboni yegiya yaseShayina isihlanganiswe ngokugcwele ohlelweni olusekela umhlaba, futhi isisungule uhlelo lwezimboni oluphelele kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ike yalubona ngokomlando uguquko olusuka esiphelweni esiphansi ukuya maphakathi, uhlelo lobuchwepheshe begiya kanye nohlelo olujwayelekile lobuchwepheshe begiya olwakhiwe. Izimboni zezithuthuthu, izimoto, amandla omoya kanye nemishini yokwakha yizona ezihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yamagiya yezwe lami. Iqhutshwa yilezi zimboni ezihlobene, isilinganiso semali engenayo yemboni yamagiya sibonisa ukukhula ngokushesha, futhi izinga lemboni yamagiya liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2016, inani lomkhiqizo wemakethe yemboni yegiya yezwe lami lalicishe libe ngama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-230, libekwe kuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-2017, inani lokukhishwa kwemikhiqizo yegiya lafinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-236, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngo-7.02%, okubalelwa ku-61% yenani eliphelele lokukhipha izingxenye ezijwayelekile zemishini.

Ngokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, imboni yamagiya ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: amagiya ezimoto, amagiya ezimboni kanye nemishini eqondene ngqo negiya; izicelo zomkhiqizo wegiya lezimoto zihlanganisa izimoto ezihlukahlukene, izithuthuthu, imishini yokwakha, imishini yezolimo nezimoto zempi, njll.; izinhlelo zokusebenza zomkhiqizo wamagiya ezimboni, Izinkambu zamagiya ezimboni zifaka ezasolwandle, izimayini, insimbi, izindiza, amandla kagesi, njll., imishini yamagiya akhethekile iyimishini yokukhiqiza amagiya njengamathuluzi omshini akhethekile wamagiya, amathuluzi okusika nokunye.

Emakethe yamagiya amakhulu aseChina, isabelo semakethe samagiya ezimoto sifinyelela ku-62%, kanti amagiya ezimboni afinyelela ku-38%. Phakathi kwawo, amagiya ezimoto athatha u-62% wamagiya ezimoto, okusho ukuthi, u-38% wemakethe yamagiya iyonke, kanti amanye ahlanganisa amagiya ezimoto ewonke. 24% wemakethe.

Ngokombono wokukhiqiza, kunamabhizinisi akhiqiza amagiya angaphezu kuka-5,000, amabhizinisi angaphezu kwenkulungwane ngaphezu kosayizi obekiwe, kanye namabhizinisi abalulekile angaphezu kuka-300. Ngokwezinga lemikhiqizo yamagiya, ingxenye yemikhiqizo ephezulu, emaphakathi kanye nesezingeni eliphansi ilinganiselwa ku-35%, 35% no-30%;

Mayelana nokwesekwa kwenqubomgomo, “Uhlaka Lukazwelonke Lokuthuthuka Kwesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Lwesikhathi Esimaphakathi Nesikhathi Eside (2006-2020)”, “Uhlelo Lokulungisa Nokuvuselela Imboni Yokukhiqiza Izisetshenziswa”, “Uhlelo Lweminyaka Eyishumi Nambili Lweminyaka Emihlanu Lwezingxenye Eziyisisekelo Zemishini, I-Basic Manufacturing Technology kanye Nemboni Yezinto Eziyisisekelo” “Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa” kanye “Nemihlahlandlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwemiklamo Yezimboni Eziqinile Zesisekelo (2016-2020)” zikhishwe ngokulandelana kwazo, ezidlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ubuchwepheshe bamagiya kanye nocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kanye ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwezimboni.

Ngokombono wabathengi, amagiya asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni ezahlukahlukene, izithuthuthu, izimoto zezolimo, izinto zokuphehla ugesi, izinto zokwakha zensimbi, imishini yokwakha, imikhumbi, izinto zokuhamba zikaloliwe namarobhothi. Lezi zisetshenziswa zidinga ukunemba okuphezulu nangaphezulu, ukwethembeka, ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela kanye nempilo ende yesevisi yamagiya namayunithi egiya. Ngokombono wenani lamagiya (okuhlanganisa namagiya), amagiya ezimoto ahlukahlukene angaphezulu kuka-60%, kanti amanye angaphansi kuka-40%. Ngo-2017, abakhiqizi bezimoto abahlukahlukene bakhiqiza futhi bathengisa izimoto ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-29, ezifakwe ngesandla, ezishintshayo, ama-axle okushayela neminye imikhiqizo yamagiya elinganiselwa ku-140 billion yuan. Ngo-2017, u-126.61GW womthamo wokukhiqiza ugesi osanda kufakwa wengezwa ezweni lonke. Phakathi kwazo, u-45.1GW womthamo ofakiwe wamandla ashisayo, u-9.13GW womthamo ofakwe ugesi wamanzi, u-16.23GW wamandla omoya axhunywe kugridi, u-53.99GW wamandla elanga axhunywe kugridi, kanye no-2.16GW womthamo wamandla enuzi afakiwe. Le mishini ekhiqiza ugesi ifakwe imikhiqizo yamagiya efana nama-gearbox anyusa isivinini kanye nezinciphisi zezigidigidi zama-yuan.

Eminyakeni yakamuva, ngokwesekwa kwezinqubomgomo nezimali, amandla okuqamba amasha emboni athuthukiswe kakhulu. Amanye amabhizinisi ahamba phambili embonini asungule izinkundla ze-R&D ezintsha ezifana nezikhungo zobuchwepheshe zebhizinisi likazwelonke, izindawo zokusebenzela zebhizinisi zangemva kodokotela, izindawo zokusebenzela zabafundi, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lwamabhizinisi, abeka isisekelo sentuthuko emisha. Inani lamalungelo obunikazi agunyaziwe liphezulu futhi izinga eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi inani lamalungelo obunikazi asunguliwe lenyuke kakhulu. Impumelelo enkulu yenziwe ezimpumelelweni zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yamagiya asezingeni eliphezulu njengamarakhi anamazinyo aqinile emojuli enkulu, amabhokisi amakhulu eplanethi anomsebenzi osindayo, kanye nokuhanjiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-8AT kokukhushulwa komkhumbi we-Three Gorges. isifinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu lamazwe ngamazwe. Amabhizinisi ahlukene agxila emikhakheni ehlukene yohlelo lokusebenza ngokwezici zawo kanye nezinzuzo zawo. Ibhizinisi elilodwa lithatha ingxenye encane yesabelo semakethe iyonke, kanti ukugxilwa kwemakethe yegiya yasekhaya kuphansi.

2. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yemboni yamagiya

Ukufakwa kukagesi, ukuguquguquka, ubuhlakani kanye nesisindo esincane yizindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yesikhathi esizayo, okuyizinselelo kanye namathuba ezinkampani zamagiya endabuko.

Ukufakwa kukagesi: Ukufakwa kukagesi kuletha izinselelo ekuhanjisweni kwamagiya esintu. Inkinga efikayo yilena: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudluliswa kwegiya lendabuko kuthuthukiswa ukuze kube nesakhiwo esilula nesilula esinesivinini esikhulu, umsindo ophansi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukunemba okuphezulu nempilo ende. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekene nokuchithwa kwe-electric direct drive ngaphandle kokudluliswa kwegiya. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezidlulisa amagiya endabuko akufanele zifunde kuphela ukuthi zingahlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zokufakwa kukagesi zokulawula umsindo wokudluliswa kwegiya ngesivinini esiphezulu (≥15000rpm), zibambe amathuba okukhula kwezinto ezintsha ezikhiqizwa ukukhula okuqhumayo kwamanje kagesi. izimoto, kodwa futhi sinakisise ikusasa. Usongo oluguquguqukayo lobuchwepheshe bokushayela ugesi obungenagiya kanye nobuchwepheshe bokudlulisa i-electromagnetic embonini yokudlulisa amagiya endabuko kanye negiya.

Ukuvumelana nezimo: Ngokuzayo, ukuncintisana kwemakethe kuzoya ngokuya kujabulisa, futhi isidingo semikhiqizo sizovama ukuhlukahluka futhi kwenziwe kube ngokwakho, kodwa isidingo somkhiqizo owodwa singase singabi sikhulu kakhulu. Njengemboni eyisisekelo embonini yokukhiqiza, imboni yegiya kufanele ibhekane nezinkambu eziningi ezansi nomfula. Ukuhlukahluka kokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo nokusebenza kahle kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi amabhizinisi asungule uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo ukuze aqedele imisebenzi yokukhiqiza inqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokulungiswa kwemishini emugqeni ofanayo wokukhiqiza, ongagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlukene zezinhlobo eziningi, kodwa futhi onciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini. umugqa wokuhlanganisa futhi ubona ukukhiqizwa okuguquguqukayo. , ukwakha ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwamabhizinisi.

Intelligentization: Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe bokulawula emishinini kwenza umshini ube ngokuzenzakalela; ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe bokulawula, ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ngolwazi, kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi kwenza imishini nokukhiqiza kuhlakaniphe. Emabhizinisini endabuko akhiqiza amagiya, inselelo iwukuba ubuhlakani bobunjiniyela bukagesi, ubunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula, ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi kanye nokuhlanganisa.

I-Lightweight: Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingasindi nezinamandla aphezulu, ukuncishiswa kwesisindo sesakhiwo nokulungiswa kwendawo nokuqinisa kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulingisa obuthuthukisiwe.